Coitus

During coitus, female orgasm is accompanied by muscular contractions of the vaginal walls (meet Chapter viii), and these contractions create a force per unit area in the vagina that is higher than that in the uterus.

From: Man Reproductive Biological science (Fourth Edition) , 2014

The Homo Sexual Response

Richard E. Jones PhD , Kristin H. Lopez PhD , in Homo Reproductive Biology (Fourth Edition), 2014

Coitus (Sexual Intercourse)

Coitus (Latin coitio, pregnant "a coming together") is, for many of us, a vehicle for the expression of emotion and intimacy. Strictly speaking, coitus (or sexual intercourse) is the penetration of the vagina past the penis, which tin can exist called vaginal coitus (Figure 8.4). Nonetheless, the term coitus is besides used for other forms of sexual contact, including oral coitus (oral–genital contact), femoral coitus (when the penis is inserted betwixt the thighs), mammary coitus (when the penis is inserted between the breasts), and anal coitus (insertion of the penis into the rectum). At that place are many common slang phrases for coitus, such as "making honey," "going to bed," and other more descriptive phrases. Legally, fornication is the voluntary coitus between an adult human being and woman who are unmarried. Adultery is voluntary coitus betwixt two people, at to the lowest degree ane of whom is married to someone else. Sodomy means different things in different states; it usually refers to anal or oral coitus, but besides tin mean "acts confronting nature" such as coitus with an creature. Finally, masturbation, which is not a class of coitus, is the act of deriving sexual pleasance from self-stimulation of the genitals.

Figure viii.4. Representation of the erect penis inserted into the vagina during vaginal coitus.

In anal coitus, the penis penetrates the anus and is moved within the rectum. This method of coitus is common in male person homosexuals and in some heterosexual couples. A heterosexual couple should employ a safe and never switch from anal to vaginal coitus earlier washing the penis, every bit the rectum contains microorganisms that could infect the female person reproductive tract (encounter Chapter 17). The walls of the rectum are not too lubricated as are those of the vagina, and the anal sphincter is constricted. Therefore, lubrication of the anus and penis with saliva or a sterile lubricant is common.

Oral coitus is contact of the oral fissure with the genital organs. When the mouth of the partner touches the genitals of a female, it is called cunnilingus (Latin cunnus, pregnant "vulva"; lingere, meaning "to lick"). Cunnilingus is practiced in several cultures. One danger of this class of oral coitus is the possibility of air being blown into the vagina, as air bubbles could enter the bloodstream and could be dangerous. Therefore, air should not be diddled into the vagina.

Fellatio (Latin fellare, meaning "to suck") is the oral manipulation of the penis or scrotum by a sexual partner. Some worry about the adverse effects of swallowing the semen, as information technology can contain microorganisms such as HIV (see Chapter ane8). Obviously, a woman cannot get pregnant from this class of coitus.

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URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN WOMEN

Amanda M. Macejko , Anthony J. Schaeffer , in Female Urology (3rd Edition), 2008

Sexual Activity

Vaginal and oral intercourse help to propagate potential pathogens into the vagina and urinary tract. Additionally, vaginal intercourse may cause trauma of the vaginal epithelium, rendering it more than susceptible to bacterial adherence and vaginal colonization. xiv Several studies have linked sexual activity with vaginal colonization and UTI. Foxman and colleagues establish that vaginal colonization with Due east. coli was inversely associated with the number of days since sexual action. fifteen Hooton and coworkers reported that urine cultures in the immediate postcoital menstruum show a transient bacteriuria. xvi It has been proposed that voiding immediately later intercourse is protective, although at that place are no current data that support this conjecture. i

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Sperm Activation, Fertilization, Morula, Blastocyst Germination, and Twinning

Laurence A. Cole , in Biology of Life, 2016

Sperm Activation

Vaginal intercourse leads to the release of semen into the vagina and uterus. That the sperm enters the vagina and uterus does not mean that it volition propel its style to an ovum and fertilize information technology. If mature spermatozoa are incubated with oocytes in a test tube, fertilization either does not occur at all, or information technology takes many hours to complete. In contrast, if spermatozoa are removed from the vagina, uterus, or fallopian tubes 2 h after coitus, they are completely different and are capable, in a examination tube, of immediate fertilization. These sperm accept conspicuously been activated in some way in the uterus or fallopian tubes.

What we sympathise occurs to sperm on entering an estrogen-primed uterus is called sperm capacitation, which enhances sperm propulsion. Furthermore, the sperm cannot penetrate the zona pellucida or vanquish of an ovum without going through the acrosome reaction, a second form of activation needed for penetrating the ovum. Hither we describe these two activation procedures.

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Repartnering and Stepchildren

F.K. Goldscheider , in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001

1 Introduction

Sexual unions create children and hence, parenthood. Marriage dissolution creates unmarried parents and absent-minded parents. When these parents enter a new partnership, they may have a new kind of children—stepchildren—children who are not the joint business organization of the couple at the starting time of the union, as at least one fellow member enters the matrimony as a step-parent. This disproportion in parenthood is likely to shape the partner dynamics that lead to union formation and hence to affect the calculations of those with children (whether coresident or non) and any partners who might join them in a new matrimony. This asymmetry affects their lives as a couple, particularly whether they have additional, joint children, and also affects whether their union survives. This article on children and new partnerships examines three issues: (a) the part of children in the likelihood that their parents repartner (considering different effects for men and women); (b) the role of such children on the fertility of the unions formed, and (c) the consequence of stepchildren on union dissolution.

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Women's Health Problems

Helen Bruce , in Immigrant Medicine, 2007

Birth command

Resumption of coitus on completion of the postpartum period is dependent on cessation of bleeding. If present, the woman is not yet fully cleansed and cannot participate in coitus. Discussion regarding contraception and when initiation of a method will begin is made prenatally by about American-born women. This is not so in immigrant women, many of whom will only discuss the topic after the birth is completed. Words are powerful, particularly if heard in a second language with which yous are merely just becoming fluent. Family planning, family unit spacing, birth command are all terms used to define a range of options available to prevent pregnancy. To a foreign-born woman and married man the suspicion created by the words 'birth control' can stop a discussion at its very inception. To use or not to use a contraceptive method is commonly not the woman's choice, just resides with the husband or older women (if in an extended family) making the decision. Since pregnancy is oft seen equally a gift from a college power, or if a family unit distrusts Western medicine or the family has seen many of its members dice in their country of origin, no interference in the natural procedure of procreation will be chosen. If a choice is made, articulate instruction on any changes in menstrual flow and frequency should be discussed. Many immigrant women believe they must drain monthly to exist healthy and will quickly stop any method that disturbs their menstrual pattern. Fully breast-feeding for upward to ii years prior to coming to the US may take assisted women in spacing their pregnancies. Two factors should exist considered when anovulation is used as contraception in the US. Many mothers supplement their breast-feeding with artificial milk (Box 43.i), thus nullifying the anovulatory process. Large numbers of women stop breast-feeding by 6 months (Fig. 43.ix) and are therefore no longer safe from pregnancy. Many women have insurance coverage for pregnancy and birth only and can not afford access to contraception when chest-feeding stops. This then perpetuates the cycle of unplanned pregnancies in low income families.

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Risky Sexual Beliefs

D. Kirby , in Encyclopedia of Boyhood, 2011

Abstaining from Sex

Abstaining from vaginal sexual intercourse profoundly reduces the chances of contracting an STI. Yet, avoiding vaginal sex does not eliminate the chances of STI manual. An STI can easily be transmitted through anal sex. It can also exist transmitted through oral sex, although it is considerably less likely to be transmitted through oral sex than through vaginal or anal sexual activity. And finally, some STIs, such as HPV and herpes simplex virus (HSV) can be transmitted through genital peel to skin contact. This is truthful for both heterosexual sex and same-sex sex. (While the focus of this article is on heterosexual behavior, many of the principles regarding STI also use to same-sexual practice sex.)

Teens who wait until they are older to have sex are less likely to learn an STI, for at least three reasons. First, they will not contract whatsoever STI while abstaining from all sexual activity. Second, girls are more susceptible to contracting an STI from sexual intercourse with an infected person when they are younger considering the cervix is more susceptible. Tertiary, if teens filibuster having sexual intercourse until they are older, they are more likely to utilize condoms during sex.

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Sexuality

L.Thou. Diamond , R.C. Savin-Williams , in Encyclopedia of Boyhood, 2011

Prevention of Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infections

Adolescent participation in coitus, oral sex, and anal penetration pose inevitable risks regarding sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and coitus evidently involves the additional risk of pregnancy. Approximately half of all STIs occur amid youths betwixt the ages of 15 and 24, and adolescents face particular risks for HIV, chlamydia, and gonorrhea. Each yr, near 750  000 teen girls aged 15–nineteen get pregnant and nearly eighty% of these pregnancies are unplanned. Notably, the United States has a disproportionately loftier rate of boyish pregnancy in comparison to other Western industrialized nations, despite the fact that US teens engage in coitus at approximately the aforementioned rates and ages as practice youth in other Western industrialized countries: U.s.a. rates of adolescent pregnancy are twice as high as those in the United Kingdom, four times as high as those in Canada, and 12 times as high as those in the Netherlands. Nonetheless, it bears noting that there has been a significant refuse in the Us teen birth charge per unit inside all 50 states in the final decade, and research suggests that this decline can exist nigh attributed to improved apply of condoms and other forms of contraception. Condoms remain the about pop method, preferred by approximately 60% of sexually active young couples, followed past the birth control pill, preferred past approximately 20%. Yet, rates of inconsistent use and nonuse remain loftier, with many adolescents reporting that they do non apply condoms or other forms of contraception during the first fourth dimension they have intercourse, or during their almost contempo act of intercourse. Dual-usage, in which condoms are used in conjunction with the birth-control pill (since birth control pills cannot protect confronting STIs and HIV) as well remains an elusive goal. Studies of adolescent girls accept constitute that fifty-fifty the about consistent and reliable contraceptive users use condoms in conjunction with birth control pills less than half the fourth dimension.

Adolescents' inconsistent employ of contraception and condoms appears largely owing to lack of availability. Studies consistently demonstrate that ane of the key predictors of adolescent contraceptive beliefs is whether youths accept access to a free, confidential family-planning facility. The ability to obtain such services without the noesis and consent of one'south parents also play an important office. Another barrier to reliable contraceptive apply is low levels of knowledge nigh the basic biological facts of fertility and contraception. Without understanding exactly how or why nascence command pills piece of work, youths cannot be expected to realistically appraise the risks of missing an occasional pill. It is also critical to consider adolescents' underdeveloped cognitive skills, especially regarding long-range planning, evaluation of hypothetical probabilities, and future oriented thinking. Such factors contribute to youths' poor estimation (or lack of interpretation altogether) of their own risks for pregnancy and STIs, providing them with little motive for consistent contraceptive and condom utilize. Similarly, adolescents who do find themselves pregnant, or contract STIs, do not written report more consistent subsequent contraceptive and condom employ. Clearly, adolescents do not announced to be cartoon on rational calculations of cause and effect when making real-time decisions about contraceptive and safe employ. Nor do they appear to be carefully evaluating the risks of their ain behavior; rather, one study showed that adolescents are really more motivated by the potential benefits of contraceptive/condom nonuse (such as firsthand pleasure, feelings of physical and emotional connection to the partner) than past the attendant risks. Some other obstacle is youths' ability and willingness to realistically and honestly appraise their own sexual behavior. Taking proactive steps to program for sexual activity and use appropriate protection requires admitting that 1 is sexually active, an access that may be peculiarly difficult for girls or those raised in conservative environments. Youths who report feelings of guilt and shame near sexual activity are less probable to use effective contraception, as are youths from extremely conservative religions, and those who find themselves breaking previous virginity pledges.

Factors that promote effective and consistent prophylactic and contraceptive utilize include youths' motivations for doing so, their delivery to avoiding pregnancy, their knowledge about condoms and contraception, their feelings of efficacy regarding condom/contraceptive use, and their ability and willingness to communicate openly about these issues with their partners. Some youth advocates have argued that given the multiple risks associated with adolescent sexual action, it is more than appropriate and effective to promote 100% abstinence among adolescents than to provide them with comprehensive contraceptive information and access. In the by decade, numerous abstinence simply programs accept been developed and implemented across the country, besides as programs encouraging adolescents to take virginity pledges until spousal relationship. Several comprehensive reviews of the effectiveness of these programs have been conducted, and conclusively demonstrate that such programs accept no significant effects on adolescents' age of sexual initiation, their rates of participation in unprotected vaginal sexual activity, their number of sexual partners, or their condom and contraceptive use. In the small number of studies that have demonstrated positive furnishings, the effects typically disappear at follow-up assessments. In contrast, programs offering comprehensive sexual educational activity take been reliably constitute to be associated with reduced risks of pregnancy and STIs, and survey information suggest that the majority of parents support teaching comprehensive sex teaching in concert with encouragement for forbearance.

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Male Reproduction

Pierre Clément , in Encyclopedia of Reproduction (Second Edition), 2018

Sensory afferents

Sensory receptors stimulated during coitus or masturbation are substantially located in the penile skin, prepuce, and glans. Sensory inputs are conveyed to the upper sacral and lower lumbar segments of the spinal cord via the dorsal nerve of the penis, a sensory branch of the pudendal nerve ( Fig. 2). A relatively sparse sensory innervation of ductus deferens, prostate, and urethra has also been described which reaches the lumbosacral spinal cord via the pudendal nervus. A second afferent pathway is constituted past fibers traveling along the hypogastric nervus and, after passing through the paravertebral lumbosacral sympathetic concatenation, enters the thoracolumbar segments of spinal cord (Fig. two). Sensory afferents terminate in the medial dorsal horn and the dorsal gray commissure of the spinal string.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Schematic view of the autonomic and somatic innervation of genitalia. Neural pathways involved in ejaculation are indicated. DNP, dorsal nerve of the penis; DRG, dorsal root ganglia; HN, hypogastric nervus; PN, pelvic nervus; PP, pelvic plexus; PudN, pudendal nerve; SGE, spinal generator of ejaculation.

 Reprinted from Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol.130, P. Clement and F. Giuliano, Anatomy and physiology of genital organs – men, pp. xix–37, 2015, with permission from Elsevier.

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Evaluation of the Patient for Uterine Fibroid Embolization

Linda D. Bradley , in Hysteroscopy, 2009

Postprocedure Follow-upward

Patients with persistent symptoms of bleeding, hurting, and fever should be evaluated immediately (Fig. 12-15A).

The patient must avoid vaginal intercourse for ii weeks or until the vaginal belch resolves. When leukorrhea is persistent or serosanguineous belch noted, role hysteroscopy is helpful in identifying discontinuity within the endometrium or necrotic prolapsing fibroids (Fig. 12-15C).

The gynecologist sees patients who have no complications within 1 month of the procedure. Subsequent function visits are scheduled the kickoff year at 6 months. One year later on the process, annual visits are scheduled unless new symptoms occur. At each visit, a pelvic examination, including fundal height measurement, should exist performed. Patients are asked nigh resolution of symptoms and their level of satisfaction with the process.

Virtually fibroid-related symptoms improve within 4 to 6 months after the procedure. Maximum coarse shrinkage is obtained by rima oris 4 to 6. In 10% of patients, additional fibroid shrinkage occurs up to 12 months subsequently the procedure. Repeat MRI of the pelvis if uterine fibroids go on to grow or if unusual pain occurs. Hysterectomy is recommended for UFE failures (Fig. 12-15B).

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Herpesvirales

In Fenner'southward Veterinary Virology (5th Edition), 2017

Pathogenesis and Pathology

Genital disease may result from coitus or artificial insemination with infective semen, although some outbreaks, peculiarly in dairy cows, may occur in the absence of coitus. Respiratory disease and conjunctivitis primarily effect from droplet or smear manual. Within the animal, dissemination of the virus from the initial focus of infection occurs via a cell-associated viremia.

In both the genital and the respiratory forms of the disease, the lesions are focal areas of epithelial cell necrosis in which there is ballooning of epithelial cells; typical herpesvirus inclusions may be nowadays in nuclei at the periphery of necrotic foci. There is an intense inflammatory response within the necrotic mucosa, frequently with germination of an overlying accumulation of fibrin and cellular debris (pseudomembrane). Gross lesions are frequently not observed in aborted fetuses, only microscopic foci of necrosis are nowadays in most tissues and the liver and adrenal glands are affected most consistently.

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